Euro-area confidence in the economic outlook improved less than forecast in January as the region
Lending cash to individuals looking for cash advance or payday loans.
Freddie Mac is in the spotlight of the Republican presidential contest, as Mitt Romney attacks Newt Gingrich for his 2006 work for the mortgage finance firm.
But what the firm did, and the role it and larger rival Fannie Mae played in the housing crisis of the last decade, remain a source of confusion for many Americans.
What do Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae do? The two of them support the housing industry by providing billions in financing to the mortgage market.
They buy mortgage loans from lenders that conformed to their guidelines, typically safer loans with a large down payment, good credit scores for the borrowers and verification of their income.
Because there is an implicit guarantee that the federal government stands behind both firms, which were set up by Congress, they borrow money at the lowest possible rates and get a good return on their investment.
Did the two firms create the housing bubble that caused the financial meltdown? Not really.
The two firms were major players in the mortgage market, and so the rising home values were at least partly funded by their flow of money.
But the bubble really inflated when Wall Street started buying riskier loans made to borrowers who didn’t qualify for a Fannie or Freddie conforming loan. Those loans carried higher interest rates, with relatively little risk for investors while home prices were going up.
Experts say it was the growth of those riskier loans that caused home prices to rise and the bubble to inflate.
"When you bring in 5 million marginal buyers who under normal circumstances would not qualify for a mortgage, that’s what ends up driving home prices," said Barry Ritholtz, CEO of Fusion IQ.
He said the big Wall Street firms that became major players in the mortgage market, such as Citibank (, Fortune 500), Bank of America (, Fortune 500), Goldman Sachs (, Fortune 500), Morgan Stanley (, Fortune 500) and AIG (, Fortune 500), are as or more guilty than Freddie and Fannie.
"If Freddie and Fannie never existed, we would have had the same problem," he said.
What caused problems for Fannie and Freddie? By the middle of the last decade, Freddie and Fannie had lost their dominant position in the home loan market, as the riskier loans became a larger share of the mortgage market.
So they adjusted their underwriting standards in order to participate in the riskier lending as well.
Obama’s housing track record
Even though the riskier loans were a minority of the loans each purchased, because each was so huge, they ended up with a large volume of those loans.
They also were relatively late to the game. That meant they got into riskier loans right before the decline in home prices — which began in 2006 — led to a spike in foreclosures. After that, home buyers started to default on loans that were safer, adding to Freddie and Fannie’s losses.
"What killed Fannie and Freddie is the housing market went to hell and they were 100% exposed to housing," said Jaret Seiberg, analyst with Guggenheim Washington Research Group.
How much money did the collapse cost taxpayers? So far Freddie has received $72.2 billion from Treasury, while Fannie, which is larger, received $111.6 billion. The combined $183.8 billion makes it the most expensive bailout by taxpayers of the financial crisis. But part of that bailout has been repaid to taxpayers in the form of dividends. Freddie has repaid $14.9 billion, while Fannie paid $17.2 billion.
Seiberg said that the bailout might have been avoided, or been relatively minor, if Fannie and Freddie had stayed away from the riskier loans.
"Best-case scenario would have been they were knocked down, but not knocked out," he said.
Why did Freddie and Fannie hire Washington insiders such as Newt Gingrich?Gingrich’s contract with Freddie is short on specifics of the work he performed for $25,000 a month. But even if he did no lobbying, as he says, the contract came at a time when Freddie and Fannie were eager to buy as much Washington influence as possible.
For years, the two firms were among the most powerful companies in terms of Washington muscle, getting free reign from both Congress and their regulator, then known as the Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight (OFHEO).
"Fannie and Freddie had Congress wrapped around their fingers," said Guy Cecala, CEO of Inside Mortgage Finance, which publishes trade publications following the mortgage market. "They were untouchable."
Because of the public-private nature of their charters, the firms wanted to make sure Congress and OFHEO allowed them to operate with few restrictions. But they also wanted to keep government’s implicit backing in place so they could borrow money cheaply.
"They were very aggressive lobbying Congress and OFHEO to stay out of their way," said Ritholtz.
Payday loans no faxing fall on the less risky side simply because the money loaned to you is a percentage of your next paycheck.
Vancouver displaced Sydney as the least-affordable housing market after Hong Kong among large English-speaking cities, as home prices rose faster than incomes, a study of 325 metropolitan areas worldwide showed.
Vancouver
Apple Inc. hopes to revolutionize the education industry
When a collection agency contacted Letitia Mika in the summer of 2010 about $5,640 in credit card debt, she agreed to a settlement in which she would make monthly payments on half of it and the rest would be forgiven.
Then about a year later, a different company began calling her to try to collect that same debt. As the Chicago resident began to untangle a confusing web, she discovered that the first agency - P.N. Financial - did not have authority to collect her debt, but the second one did.
Illinois Attorney General Lisa Madigan filed suit against Skokie-based P.N. Financial last week, alleging that the company not only pursued debts it was not authorized to collect, but also broke laws by revealing information about debts to employers and family members and intimidating consumers with fake court case numbers.
Complaints about harassment from debt collectors have spiked nationally in recent years. Part of that may be a reflection of more Americans being unable to pay their debts in these shaky economic times. But consumer advocates also say that collection agencies have become more aggressive in their tactics.
Both states’ attorney generals offices in Missouri and Illinois rank complaints against debt collectors among one of the top consumer complaints they receive every year.
Madigan said she has seen a rise in brash - and illegal - techniques employed by the commission-based industry.
Of the 52 complaints her office received about PN Financial, she said, “Those were among the most egregious of violations that we’ve seen.”
An employee at P.N. Financial on Friday said no one was available to comment on the lawsuit and then hung up.
The Federal Trade Commission, which says it receives more complaints about debt collection than any other industry, logged a 17 percent increase in consumer complaints about debt collection in 2010 for a total of 140,036 complaints. The FTC hasn’t yet published the 2011 figures.
Nearly half of the complaints were about collectors harassing consumers by calling them repeatedly or continuously, which is prohibited under the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act. Another common issue was consumers being contacted about debts they did not owe or that had been discharged in a bankruptcy.
In a recent study and survey by the Better Business Bureau in St. Louis, a third of respondents said they were called at least 20 times by debt collectors.
Another problem flagged by the report was consumers often don’t show up in court to defend themselves in suits and so default judgments are often entered, leading to garnishment of the debtor’s wages payday loans.
So Michelle Corey, the BBB’s president, said it’s important that consumers show up for those court dates, even if they don’t think they owe the debt or else they risk losing some of their wages.
There are a number of collection agencies in the St. Louis region who have a mixed track record. Some of them have an A rating from the BBB all the way down to an F, Corey said.
The BBB report also notes that Missouri is one of few states in the country without its own debt collection law that mirrors the federal law, making it difficult for state law enforcement authorities to take action against debt collectors. Illinois does have such a law.
Mark Schiffman, a spokesman for the trade group Association for Credit and Collection Professionals, said it’s hard to pinpoint exactly why the number of complaints against debt collectors have been on the rise.
“There was a significant volume increase in the amount of debt defaulted on in the last 3 to 4 years through the recession,” he said. “So significantly more volume would result in a rise in complaints.”
And he cautioned that many of the numbers of logged complaints, including those with the FTC, are not verified and are not necessarily about illegal behavior.
According to his group, third-party debt collectors recovered $55 billion and employed 148,000 people in 2010. But despite an increase in volume in the last several years, the amount of recovered debt has not increased much, he added.
“Consumers are struggling with the economy,” he said. “Many don’t have the ability to pay what they owe. It’s not boom time for the collection industry as people might think. Just because there is more volume doesn’t mean you can collect it.”
Rob Swearingen, an attorney at Legal Services of Eastern Missouri, sees a steady flow of complaints come into his office about harassment by debt collectors. One company told a client that a sheriff was on the way to arrest him so he should give them access to his bank account right away, he said.
“Debt collectors will say all kinds of things - there are as many crazy things as you can imagine,” he said. “They frighten people who are the most vulnerable.”
U.K. Prime Minister David Cameron pledged more action to deal with
The Google+ social network has topped 60 million users, according to Ancestry.com founder Paul Allen, who also made the bold prediction late Tuesday that Google+ would reach 400 million users by the end of 2012.
Allen, who calls himself the "unofficial statistician" of Google+, runs hundreds of queries on various surnames on the social network each week. He has been tracking those names since Google first announced that Google+ had reached 10 million users in July.
Google+, the company’s answer to Facebook, got off to a roaring start, hitting the 10 million mark in just two weeks — and that was even before the site was open to the public.
But growth had tapered off, taking three months to reach 40 million users, according to Google’s numbers.
Google’s hasn’t given a more recent count. But Allen has seen a rapid resurgence, estimating that the service hit 62 million late Tuesday.
"It may be the holidays, the TV commercials, celebrity and brand appeal, or positive word of mouth, or a combination of all these factors, but there is no question that the number of new users signing up for Google+ each day has accelerated markedly in the past several weeks," Allen wrote on his Google+ page.
Google’s (, Fortune 500) social network is now adding 625,000 users each day, Allen said.
At that pace, Google+ would reach nearly 300 million users by the end of 2012. But Allen believes that growth will accelerate, enabling it to hit 400 million.
There’s one crucial missing piece in Allen’s analysis: He only cites the total number of people who have signed up for the network, not the number of people who actually use it. People may sign into the service to check it out and never use it again.
Facebook, by contrast, reports that it has 800 million "active users," which are those users that have viewed a Facebook page or have used an application. Half of all Facebook active users log onto the social network in any given day, the social network says.
Google entices users to sign up in its newly redesigned home page, by making Google+ the first option in an ever-present pull-down menu — an option that sits right above search. It’s unclear how many sign up but then never actually use Google+.
The technology and advertising industries alike are watching Google+ very closely, which could yet prove to be a sizable alternative to Facebook. The project is very important to Google, which is trying to overcome its past miscues in the social networking space.
More people visit Google’s network of websites than Facebook each month, but Facebook is killing Google in categories that advertisers care most about: Time spent and pages viewed.
The European Central Bank
+%3Cp%3E+As+expected%2C+BlackBerry+maker+Research+In+Motion+said+Thursday+that+it+had+a+miserable+past+three+months%2C+reporting+a+quarterly+profit+that+got+squeezed+by+slumping+sales+and+service+outages.%3C%2Fp%3E%3Cp%3EWhat+wasn%27t+expected+was+such+a+miserable+outlook+for+the+current+quarter.%3C%2Fp%3E%3Cp%3E%3Cp%3E%3C%2Fp%3E%3Cp%3E%3Cp%3E%3C%2Fp%3E%3C%2Fp%3E%3C%2Fp%3E%3Cp%3EThe+company+said+it+expects+to+earn+between+80+cents+and+95+cents+a+share+on+revenue+of+between+%244.6+billion+and+%244.9+billion.+That%27s+way%2C+way+below+analysts%27+profit+forecasts+of+%241.16+per+share+on+sales+of+%245.1+billion.+%3C%2Fp%3E%3Cp%3ERIM+also+said+it+expects+to+ship+just+11+million+to+12+million+BlackBerry+phones%2C+a+truly+disappointing+forecast+that+is+just+barely+higher+than+the+company%27s+smartphone+shipments+from+a+year+earlier.%3C%2Fp%3E%3Cp%3EMaking+matters+worse%2C+the+company+also+said+that+its+future+platform%2C+BlackBerry+OS+10+–+the+cornerstone+of+RIM%27s+turnaround+plans+–+will+be+delayed+until+late+2012.+The+company+says+it+is+waiting+on+the+development+of+a+special+chipset+for+its+new+devices.+%3C%2Fp%3E%3Cp%3EShares+fell+by+8%25+after+hours%2C+even+though+RIM+%28%29+had+already+warned+investors+two+weeks+ago+that+its+financial+results+would+fall+short+of+the+company%27s+earlier+expectations.+%3C%2Fp%3E%3Cp%3EThe+company+blamed+its+bad+third+quarter+on+lackluster+demand+for+its+new+PlayBook+tablet%2C+on+consumers+opting+for+cheaper+BlackBerry+smartphones%2C+and+on+its+three-day+service+outage.+%3C%2Fp%3E%3Cp%3E%26quot%3BThe+last+few+quarters+have+been+some+of+the+most+trying+in+the+history+of+this+company%2C%26quot%3B+said+Jim+Balsillie%2C+RIM%27s+co-CEO%2C+on+a+conference+call+with+analysts.+%26quot%3BWe+understand+shareholders+may+feel+like+we+let+them+down.+%5BCo-CEO%5D+Mike+%5BLazaridis%5D+and+I%2C+as+two+of+RIM%27s+largest+shareholders%2C+understand+that+sentiment.%26quot%3B%3C%2Fp%3E%3Cp%3EBalsillie+said+that+he+and+Lazaridis+have+decided+to+take+a+salary+of+just+%241+a+year%2C+effective+immediately.+Last+year%2C+both+made+%241.2+million+Canadian%2C+which+was+around+%241.15+million+U.S.+at+the+time.+They+also+each+took+home+a+%241.2+million+cash+performance+bonus.%3C%2Fp%3E%3Cp%3EDespite+the+terrible+results%2C+RIM%27s+co-CEOs+remained+upbeat+in+their+discussion+with+analysts.+BlackBerry%27s+user+base+grew+to+75+million%2C+up+35%25+from+a+year+ago%2C+they+pointed+out.+%3C%2Fp%3E%3Cp%3EThey+also+said+that+the+company+is+%26quot%3Bmore+determined+than+ever%26quot%3B+to+overcome+its+execution+challenges.+They+preached+continued+patience+and+said+that+RIM%27s+transition+to+new%2C+improved+BlackBerry+OS+software+will+slowly+gain+traction+–+once+it+finally+releases.%3C%2Fp%3E%3Cp%3E%26quot%3BWe+ask+for+your+patience+and+confidence%2C%26quot%3B+said+Lazaridis+on+the+call.%3C%2Fp%3E%3Cp%3EBy+the+numbers%3C%2Fp%3E%3Cp%3EThe+Waterloo%2C+Ontario-based+company+said+net+income+for+the+third+quarter%2C+which+ended+last+month%2C+fell+to+%24265+million.+That%27s+down+19%25+from+a+year+earlier.+%3C%2Fp%3E%3Cp%3ERIM%27s+results+included+a+one-time+charge+of+%24485+million+write-down+due+to+underperforming+PlayBook+sales+and+a+%2454+million+charge+for+the+outage.+Without+the+charges%2C+RIM+said+it+earned+%241.27+per+share.+Analysts+polled+by+Thomson+Reuters%2C+who+typically+exclude+one-time+items+from+their+estimates%2C+had+forecast+earnings+of+%241.19+cents+per+share.%3C%2Fp%3E%3Cp%3ERIM%27s+sales+in+the+quarter+rose+24%25+to+%245.2+billion%2C+missing+analysts%27+reduced+forecasts+of+%245.3+billion.%3C%2Fp%3E%3Cp%3ERIM+said+that+it+shipped+14.1+million+BlackBerry+phones+last+quarter.+While+RIM%27s+third-quarter+smartphones+shipments+were+in+line+with+the+company%27s+forecast+of+between+13.5+million+and+14.5+million%2C+RIM+said+phones+were+sitting+on+store+shelves%2C+as+it+sold+fewer+devices+to+end-users+than+it+had+expected.%26nbsp%3B+%3C%2Fp%3E++%3Cp%3E%3Ca+href%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fmoney.cnn.com%2F2011%2F12%2F15%2Ftechnology%2Frim_earnings%2Findex.htm%27+rel%3D%27nofollow%27%3ESource%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fp%3E+
World stocks were mostly lower Wednesday after the Federal Reserve refrained from offering new initiatives to help a slowly recovering U.S. economy.
Benchmark oil hovered below $100 per barrel while the dollar fell against the euro and the yen.
European stocks were mixed in early trading. Britain’s FTSE 100 rose 0.4 percent to 5,447.88. But Germany’s DAX lost 0.9 percent to 5,719.42 and France’s CAC-40 fell 1.1 percent to 3,043.60. Wall Street appeared headed higher, with Dow Jones industrial futures up 0.3 percent to 11,938 and S&P 500 futures rising 0.5 percent to 1,225.80.
Asian shares closed lower. Japan’s Nikkei 225 index fell 0.4 percent to end at 8,519.13, its lowest close in two weeks. South Korea’s Kospi lost 0.3 percent at 1,857.75 and Hong Kong’s Hang Seng shed 0.5 percent to 18,354.43. Australia’s S&P/ASX 200 was flat at 4,190.50.
On mainland China, the benchmark Shanghai Composite Index fell 0.9 percent to 2,228.53, the lowest closing since March 2009. Benchmarks in Singapore, India and Indonesia fell while Taiwan and the Philippines rose.
The Fed on Tuesday said that the U.S. economy, while improving, is still weak. Unemployment remains high, and it remains vulnerable to the European debt crisis, which could push the continent into a recession and slow U.S. growth.
Analysts said markets were disappointed that the Fed refrained from a third round of large-scale purchases of Treasury securities, dubbed quantitative easing III or QE3.
“I think QE3 would be a welcome change to the status quo. I think the market was disappointed,” said Francis Lun, managing director of Lyncean Holdings in Hong Kong.
Sentiment also remained fragile amid threats by Standard & Poor’s to downgrade the credit ratings of 15 countries that use the euro because of the region’s debt crisis.
“We are likely to continue seeing some cautious trading as the threat of S&P coming out to issue some downgrades at some stage this week looms,” said Stan Shamu of IG Markets in Melbourne, Australia payday loan lenders.
“Some would argue that this is already priced in, but it will still likely rock the boat should it happen.”
Export shares in Japan were under pressure as the yen strengthened against a shaky euro. Sharp Corp. dropped 2.9 percent while Toshiba Corp. lost 1.2 percent. Honda Motor Corp. slid 2.2 percent.
Chinese property shares dropped after the government signaled that it would maintain price curbs on real estate.
“The government has set a clear tone for reining in runaway housing prices next year,” Wang Yulin of the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development was quoted as saying by Xinhua news agency.
Hong Kong-listed China Vanke Co. fell 0.6 percent and Evergrande Real Estate Group dived 3.9 percent.
Mainland Chinese shares slumped due to fears over slower economic growth and inflation, which “will make the market unstable in the short term,” said Li Jianfeng, an analyst at Caida Securities, based in Shanghai.
Shanghai Xinhua Media Co. lost 4 percent while Jiangsu Phoenix Publishing & Media Corp. 5.9 percent.
On Tuesday, the Dow Jones industrial average fell 0.6 percent to close at 11,954.94. The Standard & Poor’s 500 index fell 0.9 percent to 1,225.73. The Nasdaq composite fell 1.3 percent to 2,579.27.
Benchmark oil for January delivery was down 16 cents to $99.98 per barrel in electronic trading on the New York Mercantile Exchange. The contract rose $2.37 to finish at $100.14 an ounce on the Nymex on Tuesday.
In currencies, the euro rose to $1.3047 from $1.3043 late Tuesday in New York. The dollar fell to 77.95 yen from 77.97 yen.
___
AP researcher Fu Ting contributed from Shanghai.
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